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Totskoye nuclear exercise
The Totskoye nuclear exercise was a military exercise undertaken by the Soviet army to explore defensive and offensive warfare during nuclear war. The exercise, under the code name "Snowball", involved an aerial detonation of RDS-4 nuclear bomb as powerful as the two bombs used in the American nuclear strikes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki combined. The stated goal of the operation was military training for breaking through heavily fortified defensive lines of a military opponent using nuclear weapons.〔''(Totskyoe exercise. Measures of safety (Russian)'' ) by Sergei Markov〕 An army of 45,000 soldiers marched through the area around the epicenter soon after the nuclear blast.〔Viktor Suvorov, ''(Shadow of Victory )'' (), Donetsk, 2003, ISBN 966-696-022-2, pages 353-375. The challenges official record of Georgy Zhukov as a flawless military leader. The chapter about Totskoye nuclear exercise is mostly based on open publications in Russian press, such as Krasnaya Zvezda (''Red Star''), an official newspaper of Russian Ministry of Defense, and Literaturnaya Gazeta〕 The exercise was conducted on September 14, 1954, under the command of Marshal Georgy Zhukov to the north of Totskoye village in Orenburg Oblast, Russia, in the South Ural Military District.〔
==History==
In mid-September 1954, nuclear bombing tests were performed in Totskoye range during the training exercise ''Snezhok'' (''Snowball'' or ''Light Snow'') with some 45,000 people, all Soviet soldiers and officers who were exposed to radiation from a bomb twice as powerful as the one dropped on Hiroshima nine years earlier. The exercise was commanded by the Marshal of the Soviet Union, Georgy Zhukov. At 9:33 a.m. on 14 September 1954, a Soviet Tu-4 bomber dropped a atomic weapon - RDS-4 bomb - from . The bomb exploded above Totskoye range, from Totskoye.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】 author=Dietrich Tissen )〕
During the exercise more than 45,000 were deliberately exposed to radiation.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Human Nuclear Experiments )〕 It involved the 270th Rifle Division,〔V.I. Feskov et al., "The Soviet Army in the Cold War 1945–90", Tomsk, 2004, p. 94〕 320 planes, 600 tanks and 600 armored personnel carriers. The soldiers were instructed that there would be a regular military exercise featuring a mock nuclear explosion and that it would be filmed.〔 The military personnel were not issued any protective gear.〔 Deputy Defense Minister Georgy Zhukov witnessed the blast from an underground nuclear bunker. The planes were ordered to bomb the explosion site five minutes after the blast, and three hours later (after the demarcation of the radioactive zone) the armored vehicles were ordered to practice the taking of a hostile area after a nuclear attack.〔
The residents of selected villages (Bogdanovka and Fedorovka) that were situated around from the epicenter of the future explosion were offered temporary evacuation outside the radius.〔 Most of the local population was never warned, however.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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